》 쿼츠(석영) 글라스 윈도우, 튜브, 관 가공 제작
Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide).
The atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO₄ silicon-oxygen tetrahedra,
with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO₂.
Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth's continental crust, behind feldspar.
Quartz exists in two forms, the normal α-quartz and the high-temperature β-quartz, both of which are chiral.
The transformation from α-quartz to β-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F).
Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume,
it can easily induce fracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature threshold.
There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are semi-precious gemstones.
Since antiquity, varieties of quartz have been the most commonly used minerals in the making of jewelry and hardstone carvings,
especially in Eurasia. Quartz is the mineral defining the value of 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness,
a qualitative scratch method for determining the hardness of a material to abrasion.
》 Properties of Quartz
| General | |
| Category | silicate mineral |
| Formula(repeating unit) | SiO₂ |
| Strunz classification | 4.DA.05 (oxides) |
| Dana classification | 75.01.03.01 (tectosilicates) |
| Crystal system | α-quartz: trigonal β-quartz: hexagonal |
| Crystal class | α-quartz: trapezohedral (class 3 2); β-quartz: trapezohedral (class 6 2 2) |
| Space group | α-quartz: P3221 (no. 154) β-quartz: P6222 (no. 180) |
| Unit cell | a = 4.9133 Å, c = 5.4053 Å; Z=3 |
Identification | |
|---|---|
| Formula mass | 60.083 g·mol−1 |
| Melting point | 1670 °C (β tridymite) 1713 °C (β cristobalite) |
| Crystal habit | 6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid (typical), drusy, fine-grained to microcrystalline, massive |
| Twinning | Common Dauphine law, Brazil law and Japan law |
| Cleavage | {0110} Indistinct |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 7 – lower in impure varieties (defining mineral) |
| Luster | Vitreous – waxy to dull when massive |
| Solubility | Insoluble at STP; 1 ppmmass at 400 °C and 500 lb/in2 to 2600 ppmmass at 500 °C and 1500 lb/in2 |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent to nearly opaque |
| Specific gravity | 2.65; variable 2.59–2.63 in impure varieties |
| Optical properties | Uniaxial (+) |
| Refractive index | nω = 1.543–1.545 nε = 1.552–1.554 |
| Birefringence | +0.009 (B-G interval) |